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Clinical Nursing Research
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The Effect of Pain on Infant Behaviors

Barbara F. Fuller

University of Colorado

Douglas A. Conner

University of Colorado

Facial body, and cry behaviors, heart rate, palmer sweating, and acoustic cry measures were compared across differing levels of infant pain. Eighty-eight infants were placed in a 16-cell matrix of 4 ages (O to 3 mo., 4 to 6 mo., 7 to 9 mo., and 10 to 12 mo.) and levels of pain (WOP) (none, mild, moderate, severe) with 5 to 6 infants occupying each cell Matrix placement was determined by agreement of >75% among five pediatric clinical nurse specialists who viewed videotapes and read information about the infants history, diagnosis, medical and/or surgical status, medications, and nutritional/fluid status. Coded infant behaviors and acoustic cry parameters were compared using a 2-level (LOP, age) MANOVA. Behaviors that differed across LOP were influenced by infant development. Facial expressions were clinically useful LOP indicators only for 0- to 3-month-old infants. Facial and body behaviors and cry measures that differed across LOP in younger infants did not differ in older infants due to the development of intentionality. Cry orientation and consolability may be useful clinical indicators of pain with older infants.

Clinical Nursing Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, 253-273 (1995)
DOI: 10.1177/105477389500400304
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This article has been cited by other articles:


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B. Fuller, M. Thomson, D. A. Conner, and J. Scaniian
Relationship of Cues to Assessed Infant Pain Level
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